India’s digital payments landscape continues to be dominated by the Unified Payments Interface, which now accounts for the overwhelming majority of electronic transactions across the country. While UPI’s growth underscores the success of India’s real-time payment infrastructure, it has also exposed the relatively slower adoption of the RuPay card network. Industry experts and policymakers are increasingly debating the need to strengthen RuPay’s competitiveness to ensure balance, resilience, and choice within the payments ecosystem.